System and method for notifying a user of conditions associated with an internet-of-things (IoT) hub

ABSTRACT

A platform, apparatus and method for detecting that an IoT hub communication channel has become inoperative. For example, one embodiment of an IoT system comprises: an Internet of Things (IoT) hub comprising a network interface to couple the IoT hub to an IoT service over a first communication channel; at least one IoT device communicatively coupled to the IoT hub over a second communication channel; connection monitoring logic to detect when the first communication channel between the IoT service and the IoT hub has become inoperative; notification logic to transmit a notification to a data processing device of a user of the IoT system responsive to the connection monitoring logic detecting that the first communication channel has become inoperative.

BACKGROUND

Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to the field of computer systems. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to a system and method for notifyinga user of conditions associated with an Internet of Things (IoT) hub.

Description of the Related Art

The “Internet of Things” refers to the interconnection ofuniquely-identifiable embedded devices within the Internetinfrastructure. Ultimately, IoT is expected to result in new,wide-ranging types of applications in which virtually any type ofphysical thing may provide information about itself or its surroundingsand/or may be controlled remotely via client devices over the Internet.

IoT development and adoption has been slow due to issues related toconnectivity, power, and a lack of standardization. For example, oneobstacle to IoT development and adoption is that no standard platformexists to allow developers to design and offer new IoT devices andservices. In order enter into the IoT market, a developer must designthe entire IoT platform from the ground up, including the networkprotocols and infrastructure, hardware, software and services requiredto support the desired IoT implementation. As a result, each provider ofIoT devices uses proprietary techniques for designing and connecting theIoT devices, making the adoption of multiple types of IoT devicesburdensome for end users. Another obstacle to IoT adoption is thedifficulty associated with connecting and powering IoT devices.Connecting appliances such as refrigerators, garage door openers,environmental sensors, home security sensors/controllers, etc, forexample, requires an electrical source to power each connected IoTdevice, and such an electrical source is often not conveniently located(e.g., an AC outlet is generally not found within a refrigerator).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained from thefollowing detailed description in conjunction with the followingdrawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A-B illustrates different embodiments of an IoT systemarchitecture;

FIG. 2 illustrates an IoT device in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates an IoT hub in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 4A-B illustrate embodiments of the invention for controlling andcollecting data from IoT devices, and generating notifications;

FIG. 5 illustrates embodiments of the invention for collecting data fromIoT devices and generating notifications from an IoT hub and/or IoTservice;

FIG. 6 illustrates embodiments of the invention for detecting loss ofhub connectivity and notifying a user;

FIGS. 7A-C illustrate different embodiments of a miniature IoT hubdevice with LED lights and USB ports;

FIG. 8 illustrates a method for controlling electronics and otherequipment with IoT devices;

FIG. 9 illustrates one embodiment of an IoT hub for selecting betweendifferent cell carriers;

FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of a method for selecting betweendifferent cell carriers;

FIG. 11 illustrates one embodiment of an IoT hub filtering events fromIoT devices;

FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment of an IoT hub collecting data relatedto user behavior within an IoT system;

FIG. 13 illustrates a high level view of one embodiment of a securityarchitecture;

FIG. 14 illustrates one embodiment of an architecture in which asubscriber identity module (SIM) is used to store keys on IoT devices;

FIG. 15A illustrates one embodiment in which IoT devices are registeredusing barcodes or QR codes;

FIG. 15B illustrates one embodiment in which pairing is performed usingbarcodes or QR codes;

FIG. 16 illustrates one embodiment of a method for programming a SIMusing an IoT hub;

FIG. 17 illustrates one embodiment of a method for registering an IoTdevice with an IoT hub and IoT service; and

FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment of a method for encrypting data to betransmitted to an IoT device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the embodiments of the invention described below. Itwill be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that theembodiments of the invention may be practiced without some of thesespecific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devicesare shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the underlyingprinciples of the embodiments of the invention.

One embodiment of the invention comprises an Internet of Things (IoT)platform which may be utilized by developers to design and build new IoTdevices and applications. In particular, one embodiment includes a basehardware/software platform for IoT devices including a predefinednetworking protocol stack and an IoT hub through which the IoT devicesare coupled to the Internet. In addition, one embodiment includes an IoTservice through which the IoT hubs and connected IoT devices may beaccessed and managed as described below. In addition, one embodiment ofthe IoT platform includes an IoT app or Web application (e.g., executedon a client device) to access and configured the IoT service, hub andconnected devices. Existing online retailers and other Website operatorsmay leverage the IoT platform described herein to readily provide uniqueIoT functionality to existing user bases.

FIG. 1A illustrates an overview of an architectural platform on whichembodiments of the invention may be implemented. In particular, theillustrated embodiment includes a plurality of IoT devices 101-105communicatively coupled over local communication channels 130 to acentral IoT hub 110 which is itself communicatively coupled to an IoTservice 120 over the Internet 220. Each of the IoT devices 101-105 mayinitially be paired to the IoT hub 110 (e.g., using the pairingtechniques described below) in order to enable each of the localcommunication channels 130. In one embodiment, the IoT service 120includes an end user database 122 for maintaining user accountinformation and data collected from each user's IoT devices. Forexample, if the IoT devices include sensors (e.g., temperature sensors,accelerometers, heat sensors, motion detectore, etc), the database 122may be continually updated to store the data collected by the IoTdevices 101-105. The data stored in the database 122 may then be madeaccessible to the end user via the IoT app or browser installed on theuser's device 135 (or via a desktop or other client computer system) andto web clients (e.g., such as websites 130 subscribing to the IoTservice 120).

The IoT devices 101-105 may be equipped with various types of sensors tocollect information about themselves and their surroundings and providethe collected information to the IoT service 120, user devices 135and/or external Websites 130 via the IoT hub 110. Some of the IoTdevices 101-105 may perform a specified function in response to controlcommands sent through the IoT hub 110. Various specific examples ofinformation collected by the IoT devices 101-105 and control commandsare provided below. In one embodiment described below, the IoT device101 is a user input device designed to record user selections and sendthe user selections to the IoT service 120 and/or Website.

In one embodiment, the IoT hub 110 includes a cellular radio toestablish a connection to the Internet 220 via a cellular service 115such as a 4G (e.g., Mobile WiMAX, LTE) or 5G cellular data service.Alternatively, or in addition, the IoT hub 110 may include a WiFi radioto establish a WiFi connection through a WiFi access point or router 116which couples the IoT hub 110 to the Internet (e.g., via an InternetService Provider providing Internet service to the end user). Of course,it should be noted that the underlying principles of the invention arenot limited to any particular type of communication channel or protocol.

In one embodiment, the IoT devices 101-105 are ultra low-power devicescapable of operating for extended periods of time on battery power(e.g., years). To conserve power, the local communication channels 130may be implemented using a low-power wireless communication technologysuch as Bluetooth Low Energy (LE). In this embodiment, each of the IoTdevices 101-105 and the IoT hub 110 are equipped with Bluetooth LEradios and protocol stacks.

As mentioned, in one embodiment, the IoT platform includes an IoT app orWeb application executed on user devices 135 to allow users to accessand configure the connected IoT devices 101-105, IoT hub 110, and/or IoTservice 120. In one embodiment, the app or web application may bedesigned by the operator of a Website 130 to provide IoT functionalityto its user base. As illustrated, the Website may maintain a userdatabase 131 containing account records related to each user.

FIG. 1B illustrates additional connection options for a plurality of IoThubs 110-111, 190 In this embodiment a single user may have multiplehubs 110-111 installed onsite at a single user premises 180 (e.g., theuser's home or business). This may be done, for example, to extend thewireless range needed to connect all of the IoT devices 101-105. Asindicated, if a user has multiple hubs 110, 111 they may be connectedvia a local communication channel (e.g., Wifi, Ethernet, Power LineNetworking, etc). In one embodiment, each of the hubs 110-111 mayestablish a direct connection to the IoT service 120 through a cellular115 or WiFi 116 connection (not explicitly shown in FIG. 1B).Alternatively, or in addition, one of the IoT hubs such as IoT hub 110may act as a “master” hub which provides connectivity and/or localservices to all of the other IoT hubs on the user premises 180, such asIoT hub 111 (as indicated by the dotted line connecting IoT hub 110 andIoT hub 111). For example, the master IoT hub 110 may be the only IoThub to establish a direct connection to the IoT service 120. In oneembodiment, only the “master” IoT hub 110 is equipped with a cellularcommunication interface to establish the connection to the IoT service120. As such, all communication between the IoT service 120 and theother IoT hubs 111 will flow through the master IoT hub 110. In thisrole, the master IoT hub 110 may be provided with additional programcode to perform filtering operations on the data exchanged between theother IoT hubs 111 and IoT service 120 (e.g., servicing some datarequests locally when possible).

Regardless of how the IoT hubs 110-111 are connected, in one embodiment,the IoT service 120 will logically associate the hubs with the user andcombine all of the attached IoT devices 101-105 under a singlecomprehensive user interface, accessible via a user device with theinstalled app 135 (and/or a browser-based interface).

In this embodiment, the master IoT hub 110 and one or more slave IoThubs 111 may connect over a local network which may be a WiFi network116, an Ethernet network, and/or a using power-line communications (PLC)networking (e.g., where all or portions of the network are run throughthe user's power lines). In addition, to the IoT hubs 110-111, each ofthe IoT devices 101-105 may be interconnected with the IoT hubs 110-111using any type of local network channel such as WiFi, Ethernet, PLC, orBluetooth LE, to name a few.

FIG. 1B also shows an IoT hub 190 installed at a second user premises181. A virtually unlimited number of such IoT hubs 190 may be installedand configured to collect data from IoT devices 191-192 at user premisesaround the world. In one embodiment, the two user premises 180-181 maybe configured for the same user. For example, one user premises 180 maybe the user's primary home and the other user premises 181 may be theuser's vacation home. In such a case, the IoT service 120 will logicallyassociate the IoT hubs 110-111, 190 with the user and combine all of theattached IoT devices 101-105, 191-192 under a single comprehensive userinterface, accessible via a user device with the installed app 135(and/or a browser-based interface).

As illustrated in FIG. 2, an exemplary embodiment of an IoT device 101includes a memory 210 for storing program code and data 201-203 and alow power microcontroller 200 for executing the program code andprocessing the data. The memory 210 may be a volatile memory such asdynamic random access memory (DRAM) or may be a non-volatile memory suchas Flash memory. In one embodiment, a non-volatile memory may be usedfor persistent storage and a volatile memory may be used for executionof the program code and data at runtime. Moreover, the memory 210 may beintegrated within the low power microcontroller 200 or may be coupled tothe low power microcontroller 200 via a bus or communication fabric. Theunderlying principles of the invention are not limited to any particularimplementation of the memory 210.

As illustrated, the program code may include application program code203 defining an application-specific set of functions to be performed bythe IoT device 201 and library code 202 comprising a set of predefinedbuilding blocks which may be utilized by the application developer ofthe IoT device 101. In one embodiment, the library code 202 comprises aset of basic functions required to implement an IoT device such as acommunication protocol stack 201 for enabling communication between eachIoT device 101 and the IoT hub 110. As mentioned, in one embodiment, thecommunication protocol stack 201 comprises a Bluetooth LE protocolstack. In this embodiment, Bluetooth LE radio and antenna 207 may beintegrated within the low power microcontroller 200. However, theunderlying principles of the invention are not limited to any particularcommunication protocol.

The particular embodiment shown in FIG. 2 also includes a plurality ofinput devices or sensors 210 to receive user input and provide the userinput to the low power microcontroller, which processes the user inputin accordance with the application code 203 and library code 202. In oneembodiment, each of the input devices include an LED 209 to providefeedback to the end user.

In addition, the illustrated embodiment includes a battery 208 forsupplying power to the low power microcontroller. In one embodiment, anon-chargeable coin cell battery is used. However, in an alternateembodiment, an integrated rechargeable battery may be used (e.g.,rechargeable by connecting the IoT device to an AC power supply (notshown)).

A speaker 205 is also provided for generating audio. In one embodiment,the low power microcontroller 299 includes audio decoding logic fordecoding a compressed audio stream (e.g., such as an MPEG-4/AdvancedAudio Coding (AAC) stream) to generate audio on the speaker 205.Alternatively, the low power microcontroller 200 and/or the applicationcode/data 203 may include digitally sampled snippets of audio to provideverbal feedback to the end user as the user enters selections via theinput devices 210.

In one embodiment, one or more other/alternate I/O devices or sensors250 may be included on the IoT device 101 based on the particularapplication for which the IoT device 101 is designed. For example, anenvironmental sensor may be included to measure temperature, pressure,humidity, etc. A security sensor and/or door lock opener may be includedif the IoT device is used as a security device. Of course, theseexamples are provided merely for the purposes of illustration. Theunderlying principles of the invention are not limited to any particulartype of IoT device. In fact, given the highly programmable nature of thelow power microcontroller 200 equipped with the library code 202, anapplication developer may readily develop new application code 203 andnew I/O devices 250 to interface with the low power microcontroller forvirtually any type of IoT application.

In one embodiment, the low power microcontroller 200 also includes asecure key store for storing encryption keys for encryptingcommunications and/or generating signatures. Alternatively, the keys maybe secured in a subscriber identity module (SIM).

A wakeup receiver 207 is included in one embodiment to wake the IoTdevice from an ultra low power state in which it is consuming virtuallyno power. In one embodiment, the wakeup receiver 207 is configured tocause the IoT device 101 to exit this low power state in response to awakeup signal received from a wakeup transmitter 307 configured on theIoT hub 110 as shown in FIG. 3. In particular, in one embodiment, thetransmitter 307 and receiver 207 together form an electrical resonanttransformer circuit such as a Tesla coil. In operation, energy istransmitted via radio frequency signals from the transmitter 307 to thereceiver 207 when the hub 110 needs to wake the IoT device 101 from avery low power state. Because of the energy transfer, the IoT device 101may be configured to consume virtually no power when it is in its lowpower state because it does not need to continually “listen” for asignal from the hub (as is the case with network protocols which allowdevices to be awakened via a network signal). Rather, themicrocontroller 200 of the IoT device 101 may be configured to wake upafter being effectively powered down by using the energy electricallytransmitted from the transmitter 307 to the receiver 207.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, the IoT hub 110 also includes a memory 317 forstoring program code and data 305 and hardware logic 301 such as amicrocontroller for executing the program code and processing the data.A wide area network (WAN) interface 302 and antenna 310 couple the IoThub 110 to the cellular service 115. Alternatively, as mentioned above,the IoT hub 110 may also include a local network interface (not shown)such as a WiFi interface (and WiFi antenna) or Ethernet interface forestablishing a local area network communication channel. In oneembodiment, the hardware logic 301 also includes a secure key store forstoring encryption keys for encrypting communications andgenerating/verifying signatures. Alternatively, the keys may be securedin a subscriber identity module (SIM).

A local communication interface 303 and antenna 311 establishes localcommunication channels with each of the IoT devices 101-105. Asmentioned above, in one embodiment, the local communication interface303/antenna 311 implements the Bluetooth LE standard. However, theunderlying principles of the invention are not limited to any particularprotocols for establishing the local communication channels with the IoTdevices 101-105. Although illustrated as separate units in FIG. 3, theWAN interface 302 and/or local communication interface 303 may beembedded within the same chip as the hardware logic 301.

In one embodiment, the program code and data includes a communicationprotocol stack 308 which may include separate stacks for communicatingover the local communication interface 303 and the WAN interface 302. Inaddition, device pairing program code and data 306 may be stored in thememory to allow the IoT hub to pair with new IoT devices. In oneembodiment, each new IoT device 101-105 is assigned a unique code whichis communicated to the IoT hub 110 during the pairing process. Forexample, the unique code may be embedded in a barcode on the IoT deviceand may be read by the barcode reader 106 or may be communicated overthe local communication channel 130. In an alternate embodiment, theunique ID code can be transmitted, such as via radio frequency ID (RFID)or near field communication (NFC), from the IoT device and the IoT hubhas a suitable receiver to detect the code when the IoT device 101 ismoved within a few inches of the IoT hub 110.

In one embodiment, once the unique ID has been communicated, the IoT hub110 may verify the unique ID by querying a local database (not shown),performing a hash to verify that the code is acceptable, and/orcommunicating with the IoT service 120, user device 135 and/or Website130 to validate the ID code. Once validated, in one embodiment, the IoThub 110 pairs the IoT device 101 and stores the pairing data in memory317 (which, as mentioned, may include non-volatile memory). Once pairingis complete, the IoT hub 110 may connect with the IoT device 101 toperform the various IoT functions described herein.

In one embodiment, the organization running the IoT service 120 mayprovide the IoT hub 110 and a basic hardware/software platform to allowdevelopers to easily design new IoT services. In particular, in additionto the IoT hub 110, developers may be provided with a softwaredevelopment kit (SDK) to update the program code and data 305 executedwithin the hub 110. In addition, for IoT devices 101, the SDK mayinclude an extensive set of library code 202 designed for the base IoThardware (e.g., the low power microcontroller 200 and other componentsshown in FIG. 2) to facilitate the design of various different types ofapplications 101. In one embodiment, the SDK includes a graphical designinterface in which the developer needs only to specify input and outputsfor the IoT device. All of the networking code, including thecommunication stack 201 that allows the IoT device 101 to connect to thehub 110 and the service 120, is already in place for the developer. Inaddition, in one embodiment, the SDK also includes a library code baseto facilitate the design of apps for mobile devices (e.g., iPhone andAndroid devices). In addition, in one embodiment, the SDK also includesa library code base to facilitate the design of applications and APIswhich reside within the IOT Service 120 or Website 130.

In one embodiment, the IoT hub 110 manages a continuous bi-directionalstream of data between the IoT devices 101-105 and the IoT service 120.In circumstances where updates to/from the IoT devices 101-105 arerequired in real time (e.g., where a user needs to view the currentstatus of security devices or environmental readings), the IoT hub maymaintain an open TCP socket to provide regular updates to the userdevice 135 and/or external Websites 130. The specific networkingprotocol used to provide updates may be tweaked based on the needs ofthe underlying application. For example, in some cases, where may notmake sense to have a continuous bi-directional stream, a simplerequest/response protocol may be used to gather information when needed.

In one embodiment, both the IoT hub 110 and the IoT devices 101-105 areautomatically upgradeable over the network. In particular, when a newupdate is available for the IoT hub 110 it may automatically downloadand install the update from the IoT service 120. It may first copy theupdated code into a local memory, run and verify the update beforeswapping out the older program code. Similarly, when updates areavailable for each of the IoT devices 101-105, they may initially bedownloaded by the IoT hub 110 and pushed out to each of the IoT devices101-105. Each IoT device 101-105 may then apply the update in a similarmanner as described above for the IoT hub and report back the results ofthe update to the IoT hub 110. If the update is successful, then the IoThub 110 may delete the update from its memory and record the latestversion of code installed on each IoT device (e.g., so that it maycontinue to check for new updates for each IoT device).

In one embodiment, the IoT hub 110 is powered via A/C power. Inparticular, the IoT hub 110 may include a power unit 390 with atransformer for transforming A/C voltage supplied via an A/C power cordto a lower DC voltage.

FIG. 4A illustrates one embodiment of the invention for performinguniversal remote control operations using the IoT system. In particular,in this embodiment, a set of IoT devices 101-103 are equipped withinfrared (IR) and/or radio frequency (RF) blasters 401-403,respectively, for transmitting remote control codes to control variousdifferent types of electronics equipment including airconditioners/heaters 430, lighting systems 431, and audiovisualequipment 432 (to name just a few). In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4A,the IoT devices 101-103 are also equipped with sensors 404-406,respectively, for detecting the operation of the devices which theycontrol, as described below.

For example, sensor 404 in IoT device 101 may be a temperature and/orhumidity sensor for sensing the current temperature/humidity andresponsively controlling the air conditioner/heater 430 based on acurrent desired temperature. In this embodiment, the airconditioner/heater 430 is one which is designed to be controlled via aremote control device (typically a remote control which itself has atemperature sensor embedded therein). In one embodiment, the userprovides the desired temperature to the IoT hub 110 via an app orbrowser installed on a user device 135. Control logic 412 executed onthe IoT hub 110 receives the current temperature/humidity data from thesensor 404 and responsively transmits commands to the IoT device 101 tocontrol the IR/RF blaster 401 in accordance with the desiredtemperature/humidity. For example, if the temperature is below thedesired temperature, then the control logic 412 may transmit a commandto the air conditioner/heater via the IR/RF blaster 401 to increase thetemperature (e.g., either by turning off the air conditioner or turningon the heater). The command may include the necessary remote controlcode stored in a database 413 on the IoT hub 110. Alternatively, or inaddition, the IoT service 421 may implement control logic 421 to controlthe electronics equipment 430-432 based on specified user preferencesand stored control codes 422.

IoT device 102 in the illustrated example is used to control lighting431. In particular, sensor 405 in IoT device 102 may photosensor orphotodetector configured to detect the current brightness of the lightbeing produced by a light fixture 431 (or other lighting apparatus). Theuser may specify a desired lighting level (including an indication of ONor OFF) to the IoT hub 110 via the user device 135. In response, thecontrol logic 412 will transmit commands to the IR/RF blaster 402 tocontrol the current brightness level of the lights 431 (e.g., increasingthe lighting if the current brightness is too low or decreasing thelighting if the current brightness is too high; or simply turning thelights ON or OFF).

IoT device 103 in the illustrated example is configured to controlaudiovisual equipment 432 (e.g., a television, A/V receiver,cable/satellite receiver, AppleTV™, etc). Sensor 406 in IoT device 103may be an audio sensor (e.g., a microphone and associated logic) fordetecting a current ambient volume level and/or a photosensor to detectwhether a television is on or off based on the light generated by thetelevision (e.g., by measuring the light within a specified spectrum).Alternatively, sensor 406 may include a temperature sensor connected tothe audiovisual equipment to detect whether the audio equipment is on oroff based on the detected temperature. Once again, in response to userinput via the user device 135, the control logic 412 may transmitcommands to the audiovisual equipment via the IR blaster 403 of the IoTdevice 103.

It should be noted that the foregoing are merely illustrative examplesof one embodiment of the invention. The underlying principles of theinvention are not limited to any particular type of sensors or equipmentto be controlled by IoT devices.

In an embodiment in which the IoT devices 101-103 are coupled to the IoThub 110 via a Bluetooth LE connection, the sensor data and commands aresent over the Bluetooth LE channel. However, the underlying principlesof the invention are not limited to Bluetooth LE or any othercommunication standard.

In one embodiment, the control codes required to control each of thepieces of electronics equipment are stored in a database 413 on the IoThub 110 and/or a database 422 on the IoT service 120. As illustrated inFIG. 4B, the control codes may be provided to the IoT hub 110 from amaster database of control codes 422 for different pieces of equipmentmaintained on the IoT service 120. The end user may specify the types ofelectronic (or other) equipment to be controlled via the app or browserexecuted on the user device 135 and, in response, a remote control codelearning module 491 on the IoT hub may retrieve the required IR/RF codesfrom the remote control code database 492 on the IoT service 120 (e.g.,identifying each piece of electronic equipment with a unique ID).

In addition, in one embodiment, the IoT hub 110 is equipped with anIR/RF interface 490 to allow the remote control code learning module 491to “learn” new remote control codes directly from the original remotecontrol 495 provided with the electronic equipment. For example, ifcontrol codes for the original remote control provided with the airconditioner 430 is not included in the remote control database, the usermay interact with the IoT hub 110 via the app/browser on the user device135 to teach the IoT hub 110 the various control codes generated by theoriginal remote control (e.g., increase temperature, decreasetemperature, etc). Once the remote control codes are learned they may bestored in the control code database 413 on the IoT hub 110 and/or sentback to the IoT service 120 to be included in the central remote controlcode database 492 (and subsequently used by other users with the sameair conditioner unit 430).

In one embodiment, each of the IoT devices 101-103 have an extremelysmall form factor and may be affixed on or near their respectiveelectronics equipment 430-432 using double-sided tape, a small nail, amagnetic attachment, etc. For control of a piece of equipment such asthe air conditioner 430, it would be desirable to place the IoT device101 sufficiently far away so that the sensor 404 can accurately measurethe ambient temperature in the home (e.g., placing the IoT devicedirectly on the air conditioner would result in a temperaturemeasurement which would be too low when the air conditioner was runningor too high when the heater was running). In contrast, the IoT device102 used for controlling lighting may be placed on or near the lightingfixture 431 for the sensor 405 to detect the current lighting level.

In addition to providing general control functions as described, oneembodiment of the IoT hub 110 and/or IoT service 120 transmitsnotifications to the end user related to the current status of eachpiece of electronics equipment. The notifications, which may be textmessages and/or app-specific notifications, may then be displayed on thedisplay of the user's mobile device 135. For example, if the user's airconditioner has been on for an extended period of time but thetemperature has not changed, the IoT hub 110 and/or IoT service 120 maysend the user a notification that the air conditioner is not functioningproperly. If the user is not home (which may be detected via motionsensors or based on the user's current detected location), and thesensors 406 indicate that audiovisual equipment 430 is on or sensors 405indicate that the lights are on, then a notification may be sent to theuser, asking if the user would like to turn off the audiovisualequipment 432 and/or lights 431. The same type of notification may besent for any equipment type.

Once the user receives a notification, he/she may remotely control theelectronics equipment 430-432 via the app or browser on the user device135. In one embodiment, the user device 135 is a touchscreen device andthe app or browser displays an image of a remote control withuser-selectable buttons for controlling the equipment 430-432. Uponreceiving a notification, the user may open the graphical remote controland turn off or adjust the various different pieces of equipment. Ifconnected via the IoT service 120, the user's selections may beforwarded from the IoT service 120 to the IoT hub 110 which will thencontrol the equipment via the control logic 412. Alternatively, the userinput may be sent directly to the IoT hub 110 from the user device 135.

In one embodiment, the user may program the control logic 412 on the IoThub 110 to perform various automatic control functions with respect tothe electronics equipment 430-432. In addition to maintaining a desiredtemperature, brightness level, and volume level as described above, thecontrol logic 412 may automatically turn off the electronics equipmentif certain conditions are detected. For example, if the control logic412 detects that the user is not home and that the air conditioner isnot functioning, it may automatically turn off the air conditioner.Similarly, if the user is not home, and the sensors 406 indicate thataudiovisual equipment 430 is on or sensors 405 indicate that the lightsare on, then the control logic 412 may automatically transmit commandsvia the IR/RF blasters 403 and 402, to turn off the audiovisualequipment and lights, respectively.

FIG. 5 illustrates additional embodiments of IoT devices 104-105equipped with sensors 503-504 for monitoring electronic equipment530-531. In particular, the IoT device 104 of this embodiment includes atemperature sensor 503 which may be placed on or near a stove 530 todetect when the stove has been left on. In one embodiment, the IoTdevice 104 transmits the current temperature measured by the temperaturesensor 503 to the IoT hub 110 and/or the IoT service 120. If the stoveis determined to be on for more than a threshold time period (e.g.,based on the measured temperature during this time period), then controllogic 512 may transmit a notification to the end user's device 135informing the user that the stove 530 is on. In one embodiment, an appor browser-based code on the end user's device 135 displays thenotification and provides the user with the ability to control the stove530 (e.g., sending a command to turn the stove off).

In addition, in one embodiment, the IoT device 104 may include a controlmodule 501 to turn off the stove, either in response to receiving aninstruction from the user or automatically (if the control logic 512 isprogrammed to do so by the user). In one embodiment, the control logic501 comprises a switch to cut off electricity or gas to the stove 530.However, in other embodiments, the control logic 501 may be integratedwithin the stove itself.

FIG. 5 also illustrates an IoT device 105 with a motion sensor 504 fordetecting the motion of certain types of electronics equipment such as awasher and/or dryer. Another sensor that may be used is an audio sensor(e.g., microphone and logic) for detecting an ambient volume level. Aswith the other embodiments described above, this embodiment may transmitnotifications to the end user if certain specified conditions are met(e.g., if motion is detected for an extended period of time, indicatingthat the washer/dryer are not turning off). Although not shown in FIG.5, IoT device 105 may also be equipped with a control module to turn offthe washer/dryer 531 (e.g., by switching off electric/gas),automatically, and/or in response to user input.

In one embodiment, a first IoT device with control logic and a switchmay be configured to turn off all power in the user's home and a secondIoT device with control logic and a switch may be configured to turn offall gas in the user's home. IoT devices with sensors may then bepositioned on or near electronic or gas-powered equipment in the user'shome. If the user is notified that a particular piece of equipment hasbeen left on (e.g., the stove 530), the user may then send a command toturn off all electricity or gas in the home to prevent damage.Alternatively, the control logic 512 in the IoT hub 110 and/or the IoTservice 120 may be configured to automatically turn off electricity orgas in such situations.

In one embodiment, the IoT hub 110 and IoT service 120 communicate atperiodic intervals. If the IoT service 120 detects that the connectionto the IoT hub 110 has been lost (e.g., by failing to receive a requestor response from the IoT hub for a specified duration), it willcommunicate this information to the end user's device 135 (e.g., bysending a text message or app-specific notification). This feature isillustrated graphically in FIG. 6 which shows that the connectionbetween the IoT hub 110 and IoT service 120 has been disabled.Connection monitoring and notification logic 600 on the IoT service 120detects that the connection has been disabled and, in response,transmits a notification to the end user's device 135 (e.g., over acellular communication channel, WiFi, or any other communication channelused by the device 135), informing the user of the connection status. Inparticular, in one embodiment, the connection monitoring logic detectswhen the first communication channel between the IoT service and the IoThub has become inoperative and the notification logic transmits anotification to a data processing device 135 of a user responsive to theconnection monitoring logic detecting that the first communicationchannel has become inoperative.

The user may then take steps to determine the cause of the connectionproblem. In an embodiment in which the IoT hub is connected via thecellular network or WiFi, the user may simply need to reboot the IoT hubdevice 110. In one embodiment, if the connection monitoring andnotification logic 600 has not received a communication from the IoT hubfor a specified period of time, it may ping the hub 110 in an attempt todetermine the hub's status. After several unsuccessful attempts (i.e.,without a response from the hub) it may transmit the notification to theend user's device 135.

In an embodiment in which the IoT hub is connected via both the cellularnetwork and a broadband connection in the user's home, this mechanismmay be used to detect failure of either connection, and may use theremaining good, redundant connection to maintain communication with theIoT Hub 110.

One embodiment of the IoT hub 110 is implemented with an extremelycompact form factor (e.g., the size of a cell phone charger). Forexample, the IoT hub 110 may be packaged as a 1.5 inch (or less) cube.Various alternate sizes are also contemplated such as a depth of between1-2 inches (or less) and a height/length of between 1-3 inches or anycube having a side of 2 inches or less.

FIGS. 7A-C illustrate one particular embodiment in which the IoT hub isintegrated within a small package designed to be plugged directly intoan A/C outlet via A/C input interface 702. In this manner, the IoT hub110 may be strategically positioned for ideal reception anywhere in theuser's home where a power outlet exists. In one embodiment, the IoT hub110 includes a transformer for transforming the high voltage A/C inputinto a lower voltage D/C signal. Although having a small form factor, inone embodiment, the IoT hub 110 includes all of the features describedherein for connecting with an IoT service 120 and with a plurality ofIoT devices 101-105. For example, although not explicitly shown in FIGS.7A-C, in one embodiment, the IoT hub 110 may include multiplecommunication interfaces (e.g., antennas and software) for communicatingwith the IoT devices and IoT service. In one embodiment, the IoT hub 110includes a powerline communication (PLC) or similar network interfacefor establishing communication with the IoT devices 101-105 over the A/Cpower lines.

In addition, the embodiment of the IoT hub shown in FIGS. 7A-C isequipped with light emitting diodes (LEDs) which, in addition tonotifying the user of the current status of the hub 110, may be used fora night-light. Thus, the user may place the IoT hub in hallway,bathroom, or child's room and use the hub as a dual purposenight-light/IoT hub device.

In one embodiment, the user may program the night light feature via aprogramming interface on app or browser on the user's device 135. Forexample, the user may program the night light to come on at a particulartime in the evening and to turn off at a particular time in the morning.In addition, in one embodiment, different, independently controlledcolored LEDs are integrated the IoT hub. The user may program the colorsto be illuminated on the IoT hub at different times of the day andevening.

Once programmed, LEDs 701 may be turned on/off by the IoT hub'sintegrated low power uC 200. In one embodiment, the IoT hub has anintegrated photodetector to cause the night light to turn on in responseto the ambient brightness falling below a specified threshold. Inaddition, in one embodiment, the IoT hub has one or more integrated USBports 710 to be used for charging other devices (e.g., such as theuser's mobile device 135). Of course, the underlying principles of theinvention are not limited to an IoT hub 110 with integrated USBchargers.

A method in accordance with one embodiment of the invention isillustrated in FIG. 8. At 801, IoT devices are positioned/configured onor near equipment to be controlled. As mentioned, in one embodiment, theIoT devices are equipped with double-sided tape to allow the user toeasily affix the IoT devices to various types of equipment.Alternatively, or in addition, each IoT device may include one or moremounting holes into which small nails or screws may be inserted to affixthe IoT devices to a wall or other surface. In addition, some IoTdevices may include magnetic material to allow the IoT devices to beaffixed to a metal surface.

Once the IoT devices are affixed in position, they may be programmed at802 via the user device 135 and IoT hub 110. For example, the user mayconnect to the IoT hub 110 with the app or browser installed on the userdevice 135 (either directly or through the IoT service 120). The app orbrowser-executable code may comprise a user interface allowing the userto identify and program each IoT device. Once the IoT device isselected, for example, the user may be provided with a list of differenttypes of equipment from which to select (e.g., different models ofremote controllable air conditioners/heaters, A/V equipment, etc). Oncethe correct equipment is selected, the remote control codes are storedon the IoT hub as described above and transmitted to the IR/RF blasterson the IoT devices to control the equipment at 803. In addition, asmentioned above, various automatic control functions may be implementedby the IoT hub.

In one embodiment of the invention, the IoT service 120 may enter intoagreements with multiple cell carriers 901 to provide connectivity tothe IoT hubs 110 in different geographical regions. For example, in theUnited States the IoT service 120 may have agreements with both Verizonand AT&T to provide IoT hub connectivity. Consequently, an IoT hub 110may be in a location serviced by two or more supported cell carriers.

As illustrated in FIG. 9, in one embodiment of the invention, the IoThub 901 includes cellular carrier selection logic 901 for selectingbetween two or more available cell carriers 915-916. In one embodiment,the cell carrier selection logic is programmed with a set of rules 918for making the selection between the two or more cell carriers 915-916.Once a particular cell carrier has been selected, the cell carrierselection logic 901 instructs the radio/network stack 902 of the IoT hub110 to connect with that cell carrier.

Various different types of selection rules 918 may be implemented. Byway of example, if the IoT service 120 has a more beneficial agreementwith a first cell carrier 915 (e.g., a lower agreed-upon rate/cost 912)compared with a second cell carrier 916, then one rule may simply be toconnect with the first cell carrier 915 assuming all other variables areequal or within specified thresholds (e.g., assuming that the secondcell carrier's signal strength is sufficient).

In one embodiment, the selection rules 918 implemented by the cellcarrier selection logic 901 may factor in other variables related tocell carrier connectivity and cost including, for example, the currentor historical signal strength 911 of each cell carrier 915-916 measuredat the IoT hub 110. For example, even if the IoT service 120 has a morebeneficial arrangement with the first cell carrier 915 as mentionedabove, the cell carrier selection logic 901 may still connect to thesecond cell carrier 916 if the signal strength to the first carrier isbelow a specified threshold.

Similarly, the cell carrier selection logic 901 may evaluatereliability/performance data 913 of each of the cell carriers 915-916when making a decision. For example, if the first cell carrier 915 isknown to be unreliable in a particular region and/or providessignificantly lower performance than the second cell carrier 916 (e.g.,a reduced data rate), then the cell carrier selection logic 901 mayselect the second cell carrier (notwithstanding the more beneficialagreement with the first cell carrier). In one embodiment, thereliability/performance data 913 and the cell service signal strengthdata 911 may be collected over time by the IoT hub 110. For example, theIoT hub 110 may continually monitor signal strength, connection status,bandwidth, and other connection variables with each cell carrier 915-916and may make connection decisions based (at least in part) on thisrecorded data.

In one embodiment, the IoT service 120 may provide updates to the IoThub including new/updated selection rules 918 related to the existingcell carriers 915-916 and/or new cell carriers with which it hasestablished agreements. For example, if the agreement between the IoTservice 120 and the second cell carrier 916 is updated, resulting in alower cost to connect through second cell carrier 916, then newselection rules 918 and/or new cell service rates 912 including thisdata may be transmitted from the IoT service 120 to the IoT hub 110. Thecell carrier selection logic 901 may then factor in these newrules/rates when rendering cell carrier selection decisions (e.g.,tending to favor connection with the second cell carrier 916 if it ismore cost-effective to do so).

In one embodiment, the IoT hub 110 may be pre-provisioned by the IoTservice 120 to connect with all available cell carriers 915-916 (i.e.,provided with a subscriber identity module (SIM) 903 or otherauthentication data needed for connecting with the cell carriers915-916). In one embodiment, a single SIM 903 (or other authenticationdevice) may be provisioned for multiple cell carriers 915-916. Thus,after selecting a first cell carrier 915 (e.g., based on the selectionrules 918 and other variables), the IoT hub 110 may still fall back tosecond cell carrier 916 if the first cell carrier 915 is unavailable.Similarly, the IoT hub 110 may switch from the first cell carrier 915 tothe second cell carrier 916 in response to changes in current conditions(e.g., a reduction in signal strength to the first cell carrier 915and/or a reduction in cost for the second cell carrier 916) and/or newselection rules 918 sent from the IoT service 120.

Once the IoT hub 110 is provisioned for the multiple carriers 915-916,it may dynamically switch between them throughout the day in accordancewith changing parameters. For example, the cost associated with eachcellular carrier 915-916 may change throughout the day (e.g., the firstcarrier 915 may be more expensive during heavy use periods such as rushhour and the second carrier 916 may be more expensive in the evenings).Similarly, the cell towers of one carrier may become overloaded duringcertain times of the day or evening, resulting in reduced connectivity.Using the techniques described herein, the cell carrier selection logic901 may continually evaluate these conditions and dynamically switchbetween carriers as conditions change.

A method in accordance with one embodiment of the invention isillustrated in FIG. 10. The method may be implemented within the contextof the architecture shown in FIG. 9, but is not limited to anyparticular system architecture.

At 1001, the IoT hub is provisioned for multiple cell carriers andprogrammed with rules related to connecting to the different cellcarriers. For example, one rule may cause the IoT hub to connect to afirst service provider over a second service provider (all othervariables being equal or within defined thresholds). At 1002, data iscollected related to cell carrier connectivity, cost, and/or otherpertinent variables. For example, as discussed above, each cellcarrier's signal strength may be used to render connection decisions.

At 1003, the rules are executed using the collected data to determinethe primary cell carrier to which to connect the IoT hub. For example,all other variables being equal (or within specified thresholds), theIoT hub may initially connect with the lower cost cell carrier. Asmentioned, the initial primary cell carrier may be subsequently changedin response to changes in conditions and/or new/updated rules sent fromthe IoT service. At 1004, the IoT hub connects with the primary cellcarrier, potentially using the secondary cell carrier as a fallbackconnection. The IoT hub may then wait a specified time period at 1005(e.g., an hour, day, week, etc) during which the IoT hub may collectadditional data related to connectivity, cost, etc. After the delay, theprocess repeats and, if the rules/data has changed significantly, theIoT hub may connect with a new primary cell carrier at 1004.

As illustrated in FIG. 11, in one embodiment, various different types ofevents 1101, 1102-N may be generated by the IoT devices and sent to theIoT hub 110. By way of example and not limitation, the events 1101,1102-N may include security events such as a door or window being openedin the user's home without a security code or other necessaryauthentication, a temperature reaching a specified threshold (e.g.,indicating that a stove burner has been left on or a potential fire), amotion detector being triggered when the user and the user's family isnot home, a smoke detector being triggered, a sensor on a sprinklersystem indicating that the sprinkler has been running longer than aspecified period of time, and a refrigerator sensor or pantry sensorindicating that the user is low on a particular food item, to name justa few.

In one embodiment, the IoT service 120 and/or one or more externalservices 1120-1122 may interface with the IoT hub 110 via an API toreceive the events 1101, 1102-N generated by the various IoT devices andmay take various actions in response to the events including sendingnotifications to the user 1115 (e.g., via the user's mobile device). Forexample, an external grocery service may receive events related to thelevel of different food items in the user's refrigerator or pantry andautomatically update the user's online grocery list or schedule anorder. An external security service may receive events related tosecurity at the user's home and attempt to notify the user in responseto an alarm. Another service may notify the fire department and/or senda notification to the user if a temperature sensor rises above aparticular threshold. Note that these specific examples are providedmerely for the purpose of illustration. The underlying principles of theinvention are not limited to any particular type of events or eventresponses.

In some cases, the events generated by the IoT devices may be innocuousand may not need to be transmitted to the IoT service 120 and/or theexternal services 1120-1122. For example, the user's IoT thermostatdevice may periodically report the current temperature of the user'shome and other IoT devices may periodically report events which merelyindicate measurements within acceptable thresholds. Consequently, inorder to reduce the number of events transmitted over the cellularcarrier's network (or via the user's Internet connection), oneembodiment of the IoT hub 110 includes an event filter 1110 which doesnot forward certain types of events to the IoT service 120 and/orexternal services 1120-1122. In one embodiment, each event 1101, 1102-Nis assigned an identification code indicating an event type. Based on aset of filtering rules 1111 provided by the IoT service 120 and/or theend user 1115 (e.g., configured via an app/browser) certain event typesare filtered out by the event filter (e.g., dropped or simply notforwarded) while other event types are stored on the IoT hub 110 andforwarded to the IoT service 120 and/or other external services1120-1122.

As mentioned, the external services 1120-1122 and/or IoT service 120 maybe configured to notify the end user of certain types of events bytransmitting notifications over the Internet 220 to the user's device.For example, if a temperature sensor is above a specified threshold, theIoT service 120 may transmit a notification to the end user's deviceinforming the user about the potential problem. In addition, in someinstances, the IoT hub 110 may transmit notifications directly to theend user (in addition to sending the events directly to the IoT service120 and/or external services 1120-1122).

In one embodiment, the external services 1120-1122 and IoT service 120utilize an application programming interface (API) exposed by the IoThub 110. For example, a particular service may register via the API toreceive a particular set of events. Because the IoT service 120 knowswhich APIs (and therefore, which events), each external service1120-1122 is configured to receive, it may dynamically send filter rulesupdates 1111 to cause the event filter 1110 to forward only those eventswhich have been subscribed to by itself and the various externalservices 1120-1122. Depending on the configuration, the IoT hub 110 maymaintain a log of all events (including those events which are notforwarded to outside services) or may simply drop events which are notforwarded.

In one embodiment, the IoT service 120 includes an event filter forfiltering events in accordance with a set of filtering rules asdescribed herein (either in addition to or instead of the event filter1110 on the IoT hub 110). In this embodiment, each of the externalservices 1120-1122 may subscribe to receive certain types of eventsthrough an API exposed by the IoT service 120. Events are generated fromthe IoT hub 110 (possibly filtered with a local event filter 1110), sentto the IoT service 120 (potentially filtered by an IoT service filter)and forwarded to the external services 1120-1122 and/or the end user'sdevices. The IoT service filter may be configured in a similar manner asthe IoT hub filter described herein (i.e., only forwarding certain typesof events/notifications in accordance with a set of filtering rules).

The techniques for filtering events on the IoT hub 110 and/or IoTservice 120 as described above is beneficial because it reduces asignificant amount of unnecessary traffic over the cell carrier'snetwork and/or the user's/service's Internet connection. Theseembodiments may be particularly beneficial for homes which are fullyimplemented with a large number of IoT devices (and which thereforegeneral a large number of events).

One embodiment of the invention collects user behavior data related toeach user's interaction with the various IoT devices and responsivelyprovides targeted content updates uniquely tailored to the interests ofeach user. FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary embodiment in which twousers 1201-1202 control IoT devices 101-102, in a home via IoT devicecontrol logic 412 on the IoT hub 110. While, only two IoT devices101-102 and two users 1201-1202 are shown for simplicity, there may bemany more IoT devices and/or users communicatively coupled via the IoThub 110. As mentioned, the users 1201-1201 may interact with the IoTdevices 101-102 via an app or browser installed on each user's dataprocessing device (e.g., a smartphone, personal computer, etc). Asmentioned, the app may be specifically designed to interface with theIoT service 120 and/or the IoT hub 110 to allow the user to review dataprovided from the various IoT devices 101-102 and to control the IoTdevices 101-102.

In one embodiment, user behavior data collection logic 1200 executed onthe IoT hub 110 monitors and collects the information viewed by eachuser (e.g., information provided by the various IoT devices 101-102) aswell as the IoT devices controlled by each user. For example, one of thetwo users 1201-1202 may be a gardener and may periodically review datarelated to the amount of water consumed in the garden (collected viasensors on an IoT device). This user may also control the sprinklersystem via the IoT device, for example, by programming the IoT devicecontrol 412 to control the IoT device to automatically turn thesprinkler system on and off. The other user may not be involved withgardening but may do the laundry and/or cook in the home.

Information related to each of these activities may be collected via theuser behavior data collection logic 1200 to generate a user profile foreach user. For example, in one embodiment, the behavior data is sentfrom the IoT hub 110 to the IoT service 120 where it is analyzed todetermine each user's preferences. Targeted content may then betransmitted to each individual user 1201-1202 in accordance with thesepreferences. For example, the user who gardens may receive informationrelated to sales on gardening supplies and the user who cooks mayreceive information related to kitchen appliances and/or recipes. In oneembodiment, the owner/operator of the IoT service 120 may enter intoarrangements with online advertising companies to generate the targetedinformation for transmission to each of the user's data processingdevices. In one embodiment, the IoT service 120 sends the user behaviordata to one or more external services 1120-1122 which then generatetargeted notifications and content to the end user's data processingdevice.

In one embodiment, user behavior data is also collected directly fromthe IoT Service 120 or one of the External Services 1120-1122. Forexample, a user's purchases and other activities outside the context ofthe IoT system may be recorded at the IoT service 120 and/or externalservices 1120-1122 and may be used to as part of the analysis todetermine the targeted notifications/content.

This type of micro-targeting has not been previously performed becausethe specific real-world behaviors captured via the IoT system describedherein were not previously available. For example, current targetedadvertising is based on a user's browsing history and/or purchasehistory, but no data is available related to a user's real-worldactivity (e.g., such as gardening, cooking, and home maintenance). Suchdata can be particularly beneficial when providing targeted informationto end users as described herein because it is based on a user's actualactivity related to particular products and/or services.

In one embodiment, the low power microcontroller 200 of each IoT device101 and the low power logic/microcontroller 301 of the IoT hub 110include a secure key store for storing encryption keys used by theembodiments described below (see, e.g., FIGS. 13-15 and associatedtext). Alternatively, the keys may be secured in a subscriber identitymodule (SIM) as discussed below.

FIG. 13 illustrates a high level architecture which uses public keyinfrastructure (PKI) techniques and/or symmetric key exchange/encryptiontechniques to encrypt communications between the IoT Service 120, theIoT hub 110 and the IoT devices 101-102.

Embodiments which use public/private key pairs will first be described,followed by embodiments which use symmetric key exchange/encryptiontechniques. In particular, in an embodiment which uses PKI, a uniquepublic/private key pair is associated with each IoT device 101-102, eachIoT hub 110 and the IoT service 120. In one embodiment, when a new IoThub 110 is set up, its public key is provided to the IoT service 120 andwhen a new IoT device 101 is set up, its public key is provided to boththe IoT hub 110 and the IoT service 120. Various techniques for securelyexchanging the public keys between devices are described below. In oneembodiment, all public keys are signed by a master key known to all ofthe receiving devices (i.e., a form of certificate) so that anyreceiving device can verify the validity of the public keys byvalidating the signatures. Thus, these certificates would be exchangedrather than merely exchanging the raw public keys.

As illustrated, in one embodiment, each IoT device 101, 102 includes asecure key storage 1301, 1303, respectively, for securely storing eachdevice's private key. Security logic 1302, 1304 then utilizes thesecurely stored private keys to perform the encryption/decryptionoperations described herein. Similarly, the IoT hub 110 includes asecure storage 1311 for storing the IoT hub private key and the publickeys of the IoT devices 101-102 and the IoT service 120; as well assecurity logic 1312 for using the keys to perform encryption/decryptionoperations. Finally, the IoT service 120 may include a secure storage1321 for security storing its own private key, the public keys ofvarious IoT devices and IoT hubs, and a security logic 1313 for usingthe keys to encrypt/decrypt communication with IoT hubs and devices. Inone embodiment, when the IoT hub 110 receives a public key certificatefrom an IoT device it can verify it (e.g., by validating the signatureusing the master key as described above), and then extract the publickey from within it and store that public key in its secure key store1311.

By way of example, in one embodiment, when the IoT service 120 needs totransmit a command or data to an IoT device 101 (e.g., a command tounlock a door, a request to read a sensor, data to beprocessed/displayed by the IoT device, etc) the security logic 1313encrypts the data/command using the public key of the IoT device 101 togenerate an encrypted IoT device packet. In one embodiment, it thenencrypts the IoT device packet using the public key of the IoT hub 110to generate an IoT hub packet and transmits the IoT hub packet to theIoT hub 110. In one embodiment, the service 120 signs the encryptedmessage with it's private key or the master key mentioned above so thatthe device 101 can verify it is receiving an unaltered message from atrusted source. The device 101 may then validate the signature using thepublic key corresponding to the private key and/or the master key. Asmentioned above, symmetric key exchange/encryption techniques may beused instead of public/private key encryption. In these embodiments,rather than privately storing one key and providing a correspondingpublic key to other devices, the devices may each be provided with acopy of the same symmetric key to be used for encryption and to validatesignatures. One example of a symmetric key algorithm is the AdvancedEncryption Standard (AES), although the underlying principles of theinvention are not limited to any type of specific symmetric keys.

Using a symmetric key implementation, each device 101 enters into asecure key exchange protocol to exchange a symmetric key with the IoThub 110. A secure key provisioning protocol such as the DynamicSymmetric Key Provisioning Protocol (DSKPP) may be used to exchange thekeys over a secure communication channel (see, e.g., Request forComments (RFC) 6063). However, the underlying principles of theinvention are not limited to any particular key provisioning protocol.

Once the symmetric keys have been exchanged, they may be used by eachdevice 101 and the IoT hub 110 to encrypt communications. Similarly, theIoT hub 110 and IoT service 120 may perform a secure symmetric keyexchange and then use the exchanged symmetric keys to encryptcommunications. In one embodiment a new symmetric key is exchangedperiodically between the devices 101 and the hub 110 and between the hub110 and the IoT service 120. In one embodiment, a new symmetric key isexchanged with each new communication session between the devices 101,the hub 110, and the service 120 (e.g., a new key is generated andsecurely exchanged for each communication session). In one embodiment,if the security module 1312 in the IoT hub is trusted, the service 120could negotiate a session key with the hub security module 1312 and thenthe security module 1312 would negotiate a session key with each device120. Messages from the service 120 would then be decrypted and verifiedin the hub security module 1312 before being re-encrypted fortransmission to the device 101.

In one embodiment, to prevent a compromise on the hub security module1312 a one-time (permanent) installation key may be negotiated betweenthe device 101 and service 120 at installation time. When sending amessage to a device 101 the service 120 could first encrypt/MAC withthis device installation key, then encrypt/MAC that with the hub'ssession key. The hub 110 would then verify and extract the encrypteddevice blob and send that to the device.

In one embodiment of the invention, a counter mechanism is implementedto prevent replay attacks. For example, each successive communicationfrom the device 101 to the hub 110 (or vice versa) may be assigned acontinually increasing counter value. Both the hub 110 and device 101will track this value and verify that the value is correct in eachsuccessive communication between the devices. The same techniques may beimplemented between the hub 110 and the service 120. Using a counter inthis manner would make it more difficult to spoof the communicationbetween each of the devices (because the counter value would beincorrect). However, even without this a shared installation key betweenthe service and device would prevent network (hub) wide attacks to alldevices.

In one embodiment, when using public/private key encryption, the IoT hub110 uses its private key to decrypt the IoT hub packet and generate theencrypted IoT device packet, which it transmits to the associated IoTdevice 101. The IoT device 101 then uses its private key to decrypt theIoT device packet to generate the command/data originated from the IoTservice 120. It may then process the data and/or execute the command.Using symmetric encryption, each device would encrypt and decrypt withthe shared symmetric key. If either case, each transmitting device mayalso sign the message with its private key so that the receiving devicecan verify its authenticity.

A different set of keys may be used to encrypt communication from theIoT device 101 to the IoT hub 110 and to the IoT service 120. Forexample, using a public/private key arrangement, in one embodiment, thesecurity logic 1302 on the IoT device 101 uses the public key of the IoThub 110 to encrypt data packets sent to the IoT hub 110. The securitylogic 1312 on the IoT hub 110 may then decrypt the data packets usingthe IoT hub's private key. Similarly, the security logic 1302 on the IoTdevice 101 and/or the security logic 1312 on the IoT hub 110 may encryptdata packets sent to the IoT service 120 using the public key of the IoTservice 120 (which may then be decrypted by the security logic 1313 onthe IoT service 120 using the service's private key). Using symmetrickeys, the device 101 and hub 110 may share a symmetric key while the huband service 120 may share a different symmetric key.

While certain specific details are set forth above in the descriptionabove, it should be noted that the underlying principles of theinvention may be implemented using various different encryptiontechniques. For example, while some embodiments discussed above useasymmetric public/private key pairs, an alternate embodiment may usesymmetric keys securely exchanged between the various IoT devices101-102, IoT hubs 110, and the IoT service 120. Moreover, in someembodiments, the data/command itself is not encrypted, but a key is usedto generate a signature over the data/command (or other data structure).The recipient may then use its key to validate the signature.

As illustrated in FIG. 14, in one embodiment, the secure key storage oneach IoT device 101 is implemented using a programmable subscriberidentity module (SIM) 1401. In this embodiment, the IoT device 101 mayinitially be provided to the end user with an un-programmed SIM card1401 seated within a SIM interface 1400 on the IoT device 101. In orderto program the SIM with a set of one or more encryption keys, the usertakes the programmable SIM card 1401 out of the SIM interface 500 andinserts it into a SIM programming interface 1402 on the IoT hub 110.Programming logic 1425 on the IoT hub then securely programs the SIMcard 1401 to register/pair the IoT device 101 with the IoT hub 110 andIoT service 120. In one embodiment, a public/private key pair may berandomly generated by the programming logic 1425 and the public key ofthe pair may then be stored in the IoT hub's secure storage device 411while the private key may be stored within the programmable SIM 1401. Inaddition, the programming logic 1425 may store the public keys of theIoT hub 110, the IoT service 120, and/or any other IoT devices 101 onthe SIM card 1401 (to be used by the security logic 1302 on the IoTdevice 101 to encrypt outgoing data). Once the SIM 1401 is programmed,the new IoT device 101 may be provisioned with the IoT Service 120 usingthe SIM as a secure identifier (e.g., using existing techniques forregistering a device using a SIM). Following provisioning, both the IoThub 110 and the IoT service 120 will securely store a copy of the IoTdevice's public key to be used when encrypting communication with theIoT device 101.

The techniques described above with respect to FIG. 14 provide enormousflexibility when providing new IoT devices to end users. Rather thanrequiring a user to directly register each SIM with a particular serviceprovider upon sale/purchase (as is currently done), the SIM may beprogrammed directly by the end user via the IoT hub 110 and the resultsof the programming may be securely communicated to the IoT service 120.Consequently, new IoT devices 101 may be sold to end users from onlineor local retailers and later securely provisioned with the IoT service120.

While the registration and encryption techniques are described abovewithin the specific context of a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module), theunderlying principles of the invention are not limited to a “SIM”device. Rather, the underlying principles of the invention may beimplemented using any type of device having secure storage for storing aset of encryption keys. Moreover, while the embodiments above include aremovable SIM device, in one embodiment, the SIM device is not removablebut the IoT device itself may be inserted within the programminginterface 1402 of the IoT hub 110.

In one embodiment, rather than requiring the user to program the SIM (orother device), the SIM is pre-programmed into the IoT device 101, priorto distribution to the end user. In this embodiment, when the user setsup the IoT device 101, various techniques described herein may be usedto securely exchange encryption keys between the IoT hub 110/IoT service120 and the new IoT device 101.

For example, as illustrated in FIG. 15A each IoT device 101 or SIM 401may be packaged with a barcode or QR code 1501 uniquely identifying theIoT device 101 and/or SIM 1401. In one embodiment, the barcode or QRcode 1501 comprises an encoded representation of the public key for theIoT device 101 or SIM 1401. Alternatively, the barcode or QR code 1501may be used by the IoT hub 110 and/or IoT service 120 to identify orgenerate the public key (e.g., used as a pointer to the public key whichis already stored in secure storage). The barcode or QR code 1501 may beprinted on a separate card (as shown in FIG. 15A) or may be printeddirectly on the IoT device itself. Regardless of where the barcode isprinted, in one embodiment, the IoT hub 110 is equipped with a barcodereader 206 for reading the barcode and providing the resulting data tothe security logic 1312 on the IoT hub 110 and/or the security logic1313 on the IoT service 120. The security logic 1312 on the IoT hub 110may then store the public key for the IoT device within its secure keystorage 1311 and the security logic 1313 on the IoT service 120 maystore the public key within its secure storage 1321 (to be used forsubsequent encrypted communication).

In one embodiment, the data contained in the barcode or QR code 1501 mayalso be captured via a user device 135 (e.g., such as an iPhone orAndroid device) with an installed IoT app or browser-based appletdesigned by the IoT service provider. Once captured, the barcode datamay be securely communicated to the IoT service 120 over a secureconnection (e.g., such as a secure sockets layer (SSL) connection). Thebarcode data may also be provided from the client device 135 to the IoThub 110 over a secure local connection (e.g., over a local WiFi orBluetooth LE connection).

The security logic 1302 on the IoT device 101 and the security logic1312 on the IoT hub 110 may be implemented using hardware, software,firmware or any combination thereof. For example, in one embodiment, thesecurity logic 1302, 1312 is implemented within the chips used forestablishing the local communication channel 130 between the IoT device101 and the IoT hub 110 (e.g., the Bluetooth LE chip if the localchannel 130 is Bluetooth LE). Regardless of the specific location of thesecurity logic 1302, 1312, in one embodiment, the security logic 1302,1312 is designed to establish a secure execution environment forexecuting certain types of program code. This may be implemented, forexample, by using TrustZone technology (available on some ARMprocessors) and/or Trusted Execution Technology (designed by Intel). Ofcourse, the underlying principles of the invention are not limited toany particular type of secure execution technology.

In one embodiment, the barcode or QR code 1501 may be used to pair eachIoT device 101 with the IoT hub 110. For example, rather than using thestandard wireless pairing process currently used to pair Bluetooth LEdevices, a pairing code embedded within the barcode or QR code 1501 maybe provided to the IoT hub 110 to pair the IoT hub with thecorresponding IoT device.

FIG. 15B illustrates one embodiment in which the barcode reader 206 onthe IoT hub 110 captures the barcode/QR code 1501 associated with theIoT device 101. As mentioned, the barcode/QR code 1501 may be printeddirectly on the IoT device 101 or may be printed on a separate cardprovided with the IoT device 101. In either case, the barcode reader 206reads the pairing code from the barcode/QR code 1501 and provides thepairing code to the local communication module 1580. In one embodiment,the local communication module 1580 is a Bluetooth LE chip andassociated software, although the underlying principles of the inventionare not limited to any particular protocol standard. Once the pairingcode is received, it is stored in a secure storage containing pairingdata 1585 and the IoT device 101 and IoT hub 110 are automaticallypaired. Each time the IoT hub is paired with a new IoT device in thismanner, the pairing data for that pairing is stored within the securestorage 1585. In one embodiment, once the local communication module1580 of the IoT hub 110 receives the pairing code, it may use the codeas a key to encrypt communications over the local wireless channel withthe IoT device 101.

Similarly, on the IoT device 101 side, the local communication module1590 stores pairing data within a local secure storage device 1595indicating the pairing with the IoT hub. The pairing data 1595 mayinclude the pre-programmed pairing code identified in the barcode/QRcode 1501. The pairing data 1595 may also include pairing data receivedfrom the local communication module 1580 on the IoT hub 110 required forestablishing a secure local communication channel (e.g., an additionalkey to encrypt communication with the IoT hub 110).

Thus, the barcode/QR code 1501 may be used to perform local pairing in afar more secure manner than current wireless pairing protocols becausethe pairing code is not transmitted over the air. In addition, in oneembodiment, the same barcode/QR code 1501 used for pairing may be usedto identify encryption keys to build a secure connection from the IoTdevice 101 to the IoT hub 110 and from the IoT hub 110 to the IoTservice 120.

A method for programming a SIM card in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention is illustrated in FIG. 16. The method may be implementedwithin the system architecture described above, but is not limited toany particular system architecture.

At 1601, a user receives a new IoT device with a blank SIM card and, at1602, the user inserts the blank SIM card into an IoT hub. At 1603, theuser programs the blank SIM card with a set of one or more encryptionkeys. For example, as mentioned above, in one embodiment, the IoT hubmay randomly generate a public/private key pair and store the privatekey on the SIM card and the public key in its local secure storage. Inaddition, at 1604, at least the public key is transmitted to the IoTservice so that it may be used to identify the IoT device and establishencrypted communication with the IoT device. As mentioned above, in oneembodiment, a programmable device other than a “SIM” card may be used toperform the same functions as the SIM card in the method shown in FIG.16.

A method for integrating a new IoT device into a network is illustratedin FIG. 17. The method may be implemented within the system architecturedescribed above, but is not limited to any particular systemarchitecture.

At 1701, a user receives a new IoT device to which an encryption key hasbeen pre-assigned. At 1702, the key is securely provided to the IoT hub.As mentioned above, in one embodiment, this involves reading a barcodeassociated with the IoT device to identify the public key of apublic/private key pair assigned to the device. The barcode may be readdirectly by the IoT hub or captured via a mobile device via an app orbrowser. In an alternate embodiment, a secure communication channel suchas a near field communication (NFC) channel or a secure WiFi channel maybe established between the IoT device and the IoT hub to exchange thekey. Regardless of how the key is transmitted, once received, it isstored in the secure keystore of the IoT hub device. As mentioned above,various secure execution technologies may be used on the IoT hub tostore and protect the key such as Secure Enclaves, Trusted ExecutionTechnology (TXT), and/or Trustzone. In addition, at 1703, the key issecurely transmitted to the IoT service which stores the key in its ownsecure keystore. It may then use the key to encrypt communication withthe IoT device. One again, the exchange may be implemented using acertificate/signed key. Within the hub 110 it is particularly importantto prevent modification/addition/removal of the stored keys.

A method for securely communicating commands/data to an IoT device usingpublic/private keys is illustrated in FIG. 18. The method may beimplemented within the system architecture described above, but is notlimited to any particular system architecture.

At 1801, the IoT service encrypts the data/commands using the IoT devicepublic key to create an IoT device packet. It then encrypts the IoTdevice packet using IoT hub's public key to create the IoT hub packet(e.g., creating an IoT hub wrapper around the IoT device packet). At1802, the IoT service transmits the IoT hub packet to the IoT hub. At1803, the IoT hub decrypts the IoT hub packet using the IoT hub'sprivate key to generate the IoT device packet. At 1804 it then transmitsthe IoT device packet to the IoT device which, at 1805, decrypts the IoTdevice packet using the IoT device private key to generate thedata/commands. At 1806, the IoT device processes the data/commands.

In an embodiment which uses symmetric keys, a symmetric key exchange maybe negotiated between each of the devices (e.g., each device and the huband between the hub and the service). Once the key exchange is complete,each transmitting device encrypts and/or signs each transmission usingthe symmetric key before transmitting data to the receiving device.

Embodiments of the invention may include various steps, which have beendescribed above. The steps may be embodied in machine-executableinstructions which may be used to cause a general-purpose orspecial-purpose processor to perform the steps. Alternatively, thesesteps may be performed by specific hardware components that containhardwired logic for performing the steps, or by any combination ofprogrammed computer components and custom hardware components.

As described herein, instructions may refer to specific configurationsof hardware such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)configured to perform certain operations or having a predeterminedfunctionality or software instructions stored in memory embodied in anon-transitory computer readable medium. Thus, the techniques shown inthe figures can be implemented using code and data stored and executedon one or more electronic devices (e.g., an end station, a networkelement, etc.). Such electronic devices store and communicate(internally and/or with other electronic devices over a network) codeand data using computer machine-readable media, such as non-transitorycomputer machine-readable storage media (e.g., magnetic disks; opticaldisks; random access memory; read only memory; flash memory devices;phase-change memory) and transitory computer machine-readablecommunication media (e.g., electrical, optical, acoustical or other formof propagated signals—such as carrier waves, infrared signals, digitalsignals, etc.). In addition, such electronic devices typically include aset of one or more processors coupled to one or more other components,such as one or more storage devices (non-transitory machine-readablestorage media), user input/output devices (e.g., a keyboard, atouchscreen, and/or a display), and network connections. The coupling ofthe set of processors and other components is typically through one ormore busses and bridges (also termed as bus controllers). The storagedevice and signals carrying the network traffic respectively representone or more machine-readable storage media and machine-readablecommunication media. Thus, the storage device of a given electronicdevice typically stores code and/or data for execution on the set of oneor more processors of that electronic device. Of course, one or moreparts of an embodiment of the invention may be implemented usingdifferent combinations of software, firmware, and/or hardware.

Throughout this detailed description, for the purposes of explanation,numerous specific details were set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, toone skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without someof these specific details. In certain instances, well known structuresand functions were not described in elaborate detail in order to avoidobscuring the subject matter of the present invention. Accordingly, thescope and spirit of the invention should be judged in terms of theclaims which follow.

What is claimed is:
 1. An IoT system comprising: a hardware Internet ofThings (IoT) hub comprising a first network interface to couple the IoThub to an IoT service over a first communication channel and a secondnetwork interface to couple the IoT hub to the IoT service over a secondcommunication channel, the first communication channel comprising acellular network connection and the second communication channelcomprising a home internet connection; at least one IoT devicecommunicatively coupled to the IoT hub over a local communicationchannel; connection monitoring logic circuitry to detect when any one orboth of the first and second communication channels between the IoTservice and the IoT hub have become inoperative; notification logiccircuitry to transmit a notification to a data processing device of auser of the IoT system responsive to the connection monitoring logiccircuitry detecting that any one or both the first and secondcommunication channels have become inoperative.
 2. The system as inclaim 1 wherein the connection monitoring logic circuitry and thenotification logic circuitry are implemented on the IoT service.
 3. Thesystem as in claim 2 wherein the connection monitoring logic circuitryis configured to periodically transmit a request to the IoT hub and todetermine that any one or both of the first and second communicationchannels have become inoperative after the IoT hub has failed totransmit a response.
 4. The system as in claim 3 wherein the connectionmonitoring logic circuitry determines that the first communicationchannel and/or the second communication channel has become inoperativeafter the IoT hub has failed to transmit a response after a specifiednumber of requests.
 5. The system as in claim 1 wherein the IoT serviceis configured to continue to communicate with the IoT hub over the homeInternet connection if the cellular network connection has beendetermined to be inoperative and is configured to communicate with theIoT hub over the cellular connection if the home Internet connection hasbecome inoperative.
 6. The system as in claim 1 wherein the notificationlogic circuitry transmits the notification over the Internet to theuser's data processing device, the data processing device having an appor browser-based program code executed thereon to receive thenotification and generate a visual notification to the user, the visualnotification containing an indication of the current status of the firstcommunication channel and the current status of the second communicationchannel.
 7. A method comprising: providing a hardware Internet of Things(IoT) hub comprising a first network interface to couple the IoT hub toan IoT service over a first communication channel and a second networkinterface to couple the IoT hub to an IoT service over a secondcommunication channel, the first communication channel comprising acellular network connection and the second communication channelcomprising a home internet connection; providing at least one IoT devicecommunicatively coupled to the IoT hub over a local communicationchannel; detecting when any one or both of the first and secondcommunication channels between the IoT service and the IoT hub havebecome inoperative; transmitting a notification to a data processingdevice of a user responsive to the detecting that any one or both of thefirst and second communication channels have become inoperative.
 8. Themethod as in claim 7 wherein the operations of detecting andtransmitting are performed on the IoT service.
 9. The method as in claim8 wherein detecting comprises periodically transmitting a request fromthe IoT service to the IoT hub and determining that any one or both ofthe first and second communication channels have become inoperativeafter the IoT hub has failed to transmit a response.
 10. The method asin claim 9 wherein a determination is made that the first communicationchannel and/or the second communication channel has become inoperativeafter the IoT hub has failed to transmit a response to the IoT serviceafter a specified number of requests transmitted from the IoT service.11. The method as in claim 7 wherein the IoT service is configured tocontinue to communicate with the IoT hub over the home Internetconnection if the cellular network connection has been determined to beinoperative and is configured to communicate with the IoT hub over thecellular connection if the home Internet connection has becomeinoperative.
 12. The method as in claim 7 wherein the notification istransmitted over the Internet to the user's data processing device, thedata processing device having an app or browser-based program codeexecuted thereon to receive the notification and generate a visualnotification to the user, the visual notification containing anindication of the current status of the first communication channel andthe current status of the second communication channel.